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A transition-metal free three-component coupling reaction of azaindoles, C60, and bromoalkanes/triphenylamines has been developed to provide an efficient access to diverse azaindole functionalized 1,4-C60 adducts. This protocol exhibits low cost, operational-simplicity, wide substrate scope, and mild and convenient conditions.

This paper defines the efficiency similarity of different motor driving devices. Based on the efficiency function characteristics which can be approximately considered a concave, non-negative function through the origin, we present a kind of optimal control method for a felt driven by three different motors in paper machine. It gives the minimum total power consumption. The optimal control method is to keep the same torque rate for each motor driving device. This method is independent of the linearity or nonlinearity of the system and has no need for the system’s state equation or transfer function. Since the shapes of efficiency functions in nature are similar, the conclusion can also be applied to the energy optimization of other general devices.